Nyuma y’imyaka myinshi, inkubiri y’abamagana abasirikare b’Ubufaransa bari muri Afurika irimo kwiyongera.
Nubwo hari iyi nkubiri nshya ifitanye isano n’ubushyamirane mu rwego rwa politiki n’umutekano, ibihugu byinshi biracyarimo ibigo bya gisirikare by’Ubufaransa kuri uyu mugabane.
Muri gahunda y’ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare n’ibihugu bimwe byahoze bikolonizwa n’Ubufaransa, ubu byabonye ubwigenge, Ubufaransa bwashoboye kugira muri Afurika ibigo bya gisirikare birimo umubare w’abasirikare bashobora gukora akazi, baba bategereje ko bakwitabazwa.
Mu gihe Niger – kimwe mu bihugu byo muri Afurika biherutse kubamo ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi rikozwe n’igisirikare – iri mu biganiro bigeze kure byo kugira ngo Ubufaransa buhakure abasirikare babwo mu buryo bwihuse, abasirikare b’Ubufaransa baracyahari, mu rugamba rwo kurwanya iterabwoba.
Ni iki gisobanura uku kuba abasirikare b’Ubufaransa bari mu bihugu bwahoze bukoloniza?
- Inkomoko y’ibigo bya gisirikare by’Ubufaransa muri Afurika
Profeseri Tony Chafer, wigisha amasomo ajyanye n’Afurika n’Ubufaransa kuri Kaminuza ya Portsmouth mu Bwongereza, agira ati:
“Ubufaransa bwashyize umukono ku masezerano y’ubufatanye bwo mu rwego rw’umuco, tekinike na gisirikare, n’amasezerano ya gisirikare, na byinshi mu bihugu bwahoze bukoloniza, igihe byabonaga ubwigenge mu 1960.
“Uretse ibyo, abajyanama ba gisirikare boherejwe muri Afurika gukorana na za guverinoma [z’ibihugu] zari zimaze kubona ubwigenge. Amasezerano ya gisirikare yatanze umurongo wa gahunda y’ibikorwa bya gisirikare by’Ubufaransa byabaye muri Afurika mu gihe cya nyuma y’ubukoloni.
Ku bwa Chafer, Ubufaransa bwanakoze politiki yo “gusimbuza, aho kugirana ubufatanye, n’igisirikare cy’ibihugu byo muri Afurika byo mu gice bufitemo ijambo, nyuma y’igihe cy’ubukoloni.”
- Ibigo bya gisirikare by’Ubufaransa biri hehe muri Afurika?
Hamwe n’abasirikare babwo bagera hafi ku 10,000 bari muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara, Ubufaransa bufite ibigo bya gisirikare muri Djibouti, Côte d’Ivoire, Sénégal, Gabon, Tchad na Niger.
- Djibouti
Abasirikare b’Ubufaransa bari muri Djibouti, bariyo kuva iki gihugu cyabona ubwigenge.
Ubufaransa buhafite abagera hafi ku 1500, abo ni bo basirikare benshi bufite muri Afurika.
Bari muri Djibouti bijyanye n’amasezerano y’agateganyo yo mu kwezi kwa Kamena (6) mu 1977, amasezerano mashya ya gisirikare yatangiye gukurikizwa kuva mu 2014, asobanura uburyo bari muri Djibouti.
- Côte d’Ivoire
Mu 2012, umubano wa hafi w’amateka hagati y’Ubufaransa na Côte d’Ivoire watumye ibihugu byombi bigirana amasezerano yo mu rwego rwa gisirikare.
Nuko ku itariki ya mbere Mutarama (1) mu 2015, hajyaho umutwe w’abasirikare b’Ubufaransa muri Côte d’Ivoire.
Nyuma yuko ubutumwa bw’ingabo z’Ubufaransa muri Côte d’Ivoire, bwiswe Opération Licorne, burangiye ku itariki ya 26 Mutarama mu 2015, bwari bufite abasirikare nibura 950, abasirikare b’Ubufaransa muri icyo gihugu bahindutse abo kuhaba hagamijwe gufasha mu gusimburana kw’abasirikare b’Ubufaransa muri ako karere gafatwa nk’ak’ingenzi cyane mu igenamigambi ry’Ubufaransa, nkuko bikubiye mu nyandiko y’Ubufaransa ku gisirikare n’umutekano w’igihugu yo mu mwaka wa 2013.
- Gabon
Ubufaransa buhafite abasirikare kuva Gabon yabona ubwigenge mu 1960, bariyo bijyanye n’amasezerano mu bya gisirikare yo mu kwezi kwa Kanama (8) muri uwo mwaka.
Kuva ku itariki ya mbere Nzeri (9) mu 2014, abasirikare b’Ubufaransa bahawe izina rya ‘éléments français au Gabon’ (EFG), abo bagera ku basirikare 350.
Hamwe n’abari i Dakar mu murwa mukuru wa Sénégal, aba basirikare b’Ubufaransa bagize inkingi y’imikorere y’ubufatanye (pôle opérationnel de coopération, OPC), yo ku rwego rw’ako karere.
Urubuga rwo kuri internet rwa minisiteri y’ingabo z’Ubufaransa rutangaza ko abasirikare babwo bari muri Gabon barimo itsinda ry’ubuyobozi, itsinda ry’abasirikare barwanira ku butaka b’aba Marines, bari mu kigo cya gisirikare cyitwa camp Charles de Gaulle, cyo mu murwa mukuru Libreville wa Gabon, ndetse n’abo mu itsinda rirwanira mu kirere bari mu kigo cya gisirikare cy’ingabo zirwanira mu kirere, cyangwa base aérienne Guy Pidoux, na cyo kiri i Libreville.
- Sénégal
Muri Sénégal, Ubufaransa buhafite abasirikare bagera hafi kuri 400, bazwi ku izina rya ‘éléments français du Sénégal’ (EFS).
Bariyo kuva mu mwaka wa 2011, muri gahunda yo guha imyitozo abasirikare bo mu bihugu byo muri ako karere.
Baba mu kigo cy’abasirikare barwanira mu kirere kizwi nka camp Colonel Frédéric Geille, kiri i Ouakam mu murwa mukuru Dakar.
Abandi bari mu kigo kizwi nka camp contre-amiral Protet, kiri mu cyambu (ikivuko mu Kirundi) cya gisirikare cy’i Dakar.
Abasirikare b’Ubufaransa bari muri Sénégal, bafite igice bakoreramo, cy’indege zabo z’ubwikorezi, kiri ku kibuga mpuzamahanga cy’indege cya gisirikare cy’i Dakar, cyitiriwe Léopold Sédar Senghor, wabaye umwanditsi na Perezida wa mbere wa Sénégal.
Abo basirikare b’Ubufaransa bo muri Sénégal, banafite stasiyo y’itumanaho rya gisirikare ryo ku rwego rwo hejuru, iri mu karere ka Rufisque, i Dakar.
- Tchad
Abasirikare b’Ubufaransa bari muri Tchad, bazwi nka ‘éléments français au Tchad’ (EFT).
Bagera hafi ku 1,000. Bafite inshingano yo kurinda inyungu z’Ubufaransa n’Abafaransa baba muri icyo gihugu.
Banaha ingabo za Tchad ubufasha bw’imikorere n’ibikoresho hamwe n’amakuru y’ubutasi, bijyanye n’amasezerano y’ubufatanye yashyizweho umukono n’ibihugu byombi.
Mu mwaka wa 2013, abasirikare b’Ubufaransa bari bari mu butumwa muri Tchad bwiswe Opération Épervier (1986-2014), bageraga hafi kuri 950, bari mu bigo bibiri, ikigo cy’abasirikare barwanira mu kirere, ‘base aérienne 172’, cyo mu murwa mukuru N’Djamena, no mu kigo ‘base Capitaine Croci’, cyo mu mujyi wa Abéché, mu burasirazuba bwa Tchad.
I Faya-Largeau, mu majyaruguru ya Tchad, hari umutwe wa gisirikare w’Ubufaransa ugizwe n’abasirikare bagera hafi kuri 500.
Mu 2014, ubutumwa buzwi nka Opération Barkhane bwasimbuye ku mugaragaro ibikorwa bya gisirikare bya Opération Épervier na Opération Serval, bugamije gushyigikira abafatanyabikorwa b’Ubufaransa bo mu karere ka Sahel mu kurwanya intagondwa zigendera ku mahame akaze yiyitirira idini ya Islam.
- Niger
Ubufaransa bufite abasirikare bari hagati ya 1,300 na 1,500 muri Niger, n’indege z’intambara hamwe n’indege nto z’intambara zitagira umupilote, izi zizwi nka drone.
Abo basirikare b’Ubufaransa bari muri Niger bari mu bigo bitatu, mu kigo cyo mu murwa mukuru Niamey, i Ouallam mu majyaruguru ya Niamey, n’i Ayorou hafi y’umupaka na Mali.
Ikigo cy’i Niamey cy’abasirikare barwanira mu kirere, kizwi nka base aérienne 101 de Niamey, ni ikigo kidahoraho kiri ku kibuga mpuzamahanga cy’indege cya Diori Hamani.
Ni ho hahagurukira za drone zo mu bwoko bwa Reaper, zikora ubutasi bujyanye n’ibikorwa bya Opération Barkhane, mu karere ka Sahel.
Ariko nyuma yaho abasirikare bayobowe na Jenerali Abdourahamane Tchiani bahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Mohamed Bazoum mu kwezi kwa Nyakanga (7) uyu mwaka, Niger, nyuma ya Mali na Burkina Faso, iri mu biganiro n’Ubufaransa kugira ngo abasirikare babwo bave ku butaka bwayo.
- Kuki Ubufaransa bushaka gukomeza kugira ijambo muri Afurika?
Prof Tony Chafer, wa wundi wigisha kuri Kaminuza ya Portsmouth, avuga ko Afurika ikiri ingenzi ku Bufaransa kandi ko ibikorwa byabwo kuri uyu mugabane bikwiye kumvikana mu rwego rw’agaciro bubona ko Afurika ibufitiye nk’ahantu h’ingenzi “ho kugaragariza imbaraga z’Ubufaransa mu mahanga”.
Ati: “Biva ku mateka: umwanya ukomeye w’Afurika mu hantu Ubufaransa bwakolonizaga, uburyo ubukoloni bwarangiyemo muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara, aho byakozwe mu buryo bw’ibiganiro byo guca ubukoloni [ariko] butuma Ubufaransa bugumana ijambo muri Afurika y’uburengerazuba no hagati – aho n’ubundi bwahoze bufite ijambo rikomeye (“kuhava kugira ngo buhagume neza kurushaho”), nkuko bamwe babivuze.”
Prof Chafer anavuga ko uretse inyungu za politiki, hari n’inyungu zo mu bukungu Ubufaransa bukurikirana muri Afurika, nka peteroli muri Gabon no muri Repubulika ya Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), Uranium muri Niger n’ubucuruzi bwa cacao n’ikawa muri Côte d’Ivoire. (BBC)
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