Byaba bimeze bite guhura na benewacu ba hafi bo mu myaka 75,000 ishize bari mu mubiri?
Abahanga muri siyanse bageze ku gikorwa gitangaje cyo kuremarema uko umugore wo mu bwoko bw’abitwa aba Neanderthal ashobora kuba yarasaga akiriho.
Bashingiye ku gahanga kavumbuwe mu buvumo ariko amagufa yako yaroroshye kandi yarapondekaye cyane ku buryo yari ameze nka biscuit itose.
Abashakashatsi babanje kwegeranya no gukomeza utwo duce tw’agahanga mbere yo kugasubiranya.
Nuko inzobere mu buhanga bwitwa ‘Paleoart’ – bwo kugerageza guha ishusho ibyariho cyera cyane – zikora ishusho ya 3D y’uko uwo muntu yaba yarasaga.
Uburyo ibi byakozwe bikubiye mu nkuru mbarankuru ya BBC Studios iboneka kuri Netflix yitwa ‘Secrets of the Neanderthals’, ivuga ku byo tuzi ku ihinduka ry’abo babyara ba muntu uriho ubu ariko bazimye kuva mu myaka 40,000 ishize.
Ubwo buhanga bwahaye isura aba bantu n’uko bari bateye.
Dr Emma Pomeroy, inzobere muri siyanse yitwa ‘palaeoanthropology’ igamije kumva impinduka za mbere z’imiterere y’umubiri w’abantu b’ubu, wo kuri Kaminuza ya Cambridge ari mu bayoboye ubu bushakashatsi.
Yabwiye Ikinyamakuru cy’Abongereza BBC dukesha iyi nkuru agira ati:“Numva yadufasha [ishusho ya 3D y’uwo mugore] kubona abo bari bo.
“Ubundi ni ibintu biteye amatsiko cyane ndetse ni ishema rikomeye kubasha kwiga ku bisigazwa by’umuntu uwo ari we wese, ariko by’umwihariko udasanzwe nk’uriya mugore.”
Ibisigazwa by’agahanga k’uwo mugore byakozwemo iyo ‘3D model’, byabonetse mu buvumo bwa Shanidar muri Iraq y’AbaKurde. Ni ahantu hazwiho kuba mu myaka ya 1950 haravumbuwe ibisigazwa 10 by’abagabo, abagore n’abana b’aba-Neanderthal.
Ubwo itsinda ry’Abongereza ryatumirwaga n’abategetsi b’aba-Kurde mu 2015, bahise babona ibindi bisigazwa bishya by’amagufwa – bahimbye Shanidar Z- byari bigizwe ahanini n’igice cyo hejuru cy’umuntu, harimo uruti rw’umugongo, intugu, amaboko, n’ibiganza.
Agahanga nako kari gahari, ariko karapondekaye kugeza ku bunini bwa santimetero ebyiri gusa, birashoboka ko byatewe n’ibuye ryakaguyeho mu myaka myinshi cyane ishize rivuye ku gisenge cy’ubuvumo.
Prof Graeme Barker na we wo muri Kaminuza ya Cambridge wari ukuriye uko gushakisha ibisigazwa i Shanidar ati: “Urebye, ako gahanga kari karabaye nka pizza. Ni urugendo rutangaje guhera aho kugera kucyo ubona ubu.
“Nk’umuhanga mu bisigaramatongo, rimwe na rimwe utangazwa cyane n’ibyo urimo gukoraho. Ariko buri gihe ukibuka ko urimo gukora ku mateka. Hari ubwo twibagirwa uburyo ari ibintu bikomeye cyane.”
Bahawe uruhushya n’abategetsi b’aho muri Iraq bashinzwe ibisigaramatongo, bajyanye ibice bigize ako gahanga mu Bwongereza batangira ibikorwa byo gukomeza amagufa no gusubiranya aka gahanga.
Uwo murimo utangaje wo guteratetanya uduce duto cyane tw’amagufa yari yarapondekaye wafashe igihe kirenga umwaka ngo urangire.
Agahanga karangiye, bagakoreye ‘scan’ maze basohora ishusho yako ya 3D, maze bayiha inzobere z’abanyabugeni b’Abaholandi Adrie na Alfons Kennis, bazwiho ubuhanga mu kurema ibice bigaragaza umubiri w’abantu ba cyera cyane bahereye ku bisigazwa by’amagufa yabo.
Itsinda rya bariya bashakashatsi bagiye muri Iraq ntirishidikanya ko ariya magufa yari ay’umugore.
Ubundi igufa ryo mu rucyenyerero niryo ryari gufasha guhamya neza ko yari umugore, ariko ntiryabonetse muri ariya yavumbuwe, ahubwo aba bahanga bashingiye kuri ‘proteins’ basanze mu ryinyo zihuzwa n’uturemangingo tw’abagore.
Ikindi, imiterere y’amagufa yabonetse nayo itanga ishusho ihamya ko uwo muntu yari umugore, nk’uko aba bahanga babivuga.
Yari afite imyaka ingahe? Birashoboka ko yapfuye ari hagati mu myaka 40, nanone byemezwa n’ubushakashatsi bakoze ku ryinyo rye.
Mu gihe kinini, abahanga bafataga aba- Neanderthals nk’abantu b’abagome, b’amahane kandi badafite inyurabwenge ugereranyije n’amoko y’abantu ba none.
Ariko ibyo bitekerezo byagiye bihinduka guhera ku byo abantu bagiye bavumbura i Shanidar.
Ubuvumo bwaho buzwiho kugaragaza ikimeze nk’umuhango wo gushyingura. Mu buryo bwitondewe, imibiri yashyirwaga iruhande rw’inkingi ndende y’ibuye. Yose ifite uburyo bumwe iteretse neza.
Udusigazwa duto cyane tw’ingemwe z’indabo tunyanyagiye ku magufa dutuma bamwe bavuga ko mu muhango wo guhamba aba Neanderthal bashyiraga indabo ku mirambo, ibyaba bisobanuye ko bashobora kuba bari bafite ukwemera runaka ku bijyanye n’urupfu.
Gusa bariya bashakashatsi bo bacyeka ko izo ngemwe z’indabo zishobora kuba zarahasizwe n’inzuki, cyangwa se indabo zameraga ku mashami y’ibiti yashyirwaga hejuru y’imirambo.
Prof Chris Hunt wo muri Liverpool John Moores University avuga ko ubu buryo bwo gushyingura mu buvumo bakarenzaho amashami y’ibiti bwarimo ikiboneka nko kurinda ko iyo mibiri y’ababo iribwa n’impyisi.
Ati: “Umuntu yakwirinda kuvuga ko byarimo umuhango w’idini. Ariko nta gushidikanya ko bari bafite umugenzo wo kuvuga ngo ‘aha niho dushyira nyogokuru’.”
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