Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyangwa ubwenge bw’ubukorano/buhangano, ikomoka mu rugendo rurerure rw’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga, rifitanye isano n’abashakashatsi, abahanga mu mibare, no mu bumenyi bwa mudasobwa kuva kera. Dore amavu n’amavuko ya AI n’uko yagiye itera imbere.
- Abahanga ba kera n’ibitekerezo byabo
Igitekerezo cy’ibinyabuzima cyangwa imashini zishobora gutekereza, cyatangiye kugaragara mu bitekerezo by’abahanga bo hambere.
Abahanga nka Aristotle bari bafite ibitekerezo bijyanye no gukora ibintu by’ubwenge bw’umuntu, mu buryo bwo kwibaza ku mikorere y’ubwonko bwa muntu n’uburyo buhambaye bwo gufata imyanzuro.
- Imibare n’ubwenge bw’ikinyuranyo (Logical Reasoning)
Mu myaka ya za 1600 na 1700, abahanga nka René Descartes n’abandi batangiye gucukumbura uburyo abantu bafata imyanzuro n’ibipimo bishobora gukoreshwa mu mibare, bagaragaza uburyo bw’imikorere y’ubwenge bwa muntu. Hariho ibitekerezo by’uko ubwenge bw’umuntu bushobora kwiganyirwa mu buryo bw’imibare.
- Alan Turing (1940s)
Ubusobanuro bwihariye ku ikoranabuhanga rya AI bwatangiye ahagana mu myaka ya 1940s, aho Alan Turing, umushakashatsi mu bijyanye n’imibare n’ikoranabuhanga, yatangije ibitekerezo bikomeye mu bumenyi bwa mudasobwa.
Yamenyekanye cyane kubera igitekerezo cya “Turing Test”, aho yavugaga ko imashini ishobora kugaragaza ubwenge ku buryo bwiza cyane, bityo ikabasha gutekereza nk’umuntu igihe umuntu adashobora kumenya niba asubizwa n’umuntu cyangwa n’imashini.
- Iterambere rya mudasobwa (1950s)
Mu myaka ya za 1950 na 1960, ubwo mudasobwa zatangiye gutera imbere, ubushakashatsi ku mikoreshereze yazo mu bwenge bw’ubukorano bwaratangijwe.
Abashakashatsi nka John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, na Herbert A. Simon ni bamwe mu bagize uruhare rukomeye mu gukora ibikoresho bifasha mudasobwa kwiga no gukora ibitekerezo bitandukanye.
- Inkomoko y’izina AI (1956)
Izina “Artificial Intelligence” ryatanzwe bwa mbere na John McCarthy mu nama yitwa Dartmouth Conference yabaye mu 1956.
Iyi nama yabaye nk’urufunguzo mu gutangira inyigo ku bijyanye n’ubwenge bw’ubukorano, aho McCarthy n’abandi bahanga bashyize hamwe ibitekerezo by’ibanze mu buryo bwo gukora imashini zifite ubushobozi bwo kwigana no gusesengura ibikorwa by’ubwenge bwa muntu.
- Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa (1960s-1980s)
Mu myaka ya za 1960s na 1980s, AI yakomeje gutera imbere, ariko hakabaho imbogamizi nyinshi.
Hagiye hakorwa gahunda ziciriritse zifasha imashini gukora ibikorwa bike nk’ugusesengura imibare, guhangana n’ibibazo bifite ingero zitandukanye, ariko AI yari ikiri hasi mu buryo bw’imikorere.
- Expert Systems (1980s)
Mu myaka ya 1980, hatangiye kwiyongera ubushobozi bwo gukora “expert systems”, porogaramu zagiraga ubushobozi bwo gufasha abantu mu gufata imyanzuro ku byemezo bitandukanye, cyane cyane mu bijyanye n’ubuvuzi n’ubucuruzi. Ibi byatumye habaho iterambere ry’ingufu mu mikoreshereze ya AI muri izo nzego.
- Deep Learning n’Iterambere rigezweho (kuva 2000 – kugeza ubu)
Mu myaka ya 2000, hakurikiyeho intambwe ikomeye mu bijyanye na Deep Learning, aho imashini zatangiye gukora ku rwego rwo hejuru mu kwiga no gusesengura amakuru menshi, hakoreshejwe neural networks.
Ibi byatumye AI itera imbere cyane mu bikorwa nko kumenya amashusho, amajwi, no kwigana ibikorwa bito bikorwa n’abantu.
Amateka atunwira ko Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyangwa ubwenge bw’ubukorano, ni ikoranabuhanga rifasha imashini cyangwa porogaramu kwiga, gutekereza, no gufata imyanzuro nk’abantu.
AI ni uburyo bwo guha mudasobwa ubushobozi bwo gukora imirimo isanzwe ikorwa n’abantu, ariko hakoreshejwe algorithms n’ubushobozi bw’imashini bwo kwiga no kugendana n’imiterere y’ibibazo.
Ni ikoranabuhanga rigamije gukora imashini zifite ubwenge bw’ikoranabuhanga bushobora gukora ibikorwa byinshi bigoye mu buryo bwihuse kandi bwizewe.
- Ibice bikomeye by’AI
1. Machine Learning (Kwigira kw’imashini):
Iyi ni tekiniki yifashishwa mu gutuma mudasobwa ishobora kwiyigisha ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe idakeneye itegeko ryose ry’umuntu.
Ibi bikorwa binyuze mu gusesengura amakuru menshi, maze imashini ikamenya gushakamo imiterere, ingero, no kumenya uko yahangana n’ibibazo bishya.
2. Deep Learning (Kwiga byimbitse):
Ni imwe mu mashami ya machine learning, aho mudasobwa yiga ku buryo bwimbitse, ifashisha neural networks, ikagira ubushobozi bwo gukorera ku ngero nyinshi z’amakuru atandukanye.
Ibi byifashishwa cyane mu kumenya ibijyanye n’amashusho, amajwi, cyangwa amagambo.
3. Natural Language Processing (NLP):
NLP ni igice cya AI cyibanda ku kumenya no gutahura ururimi rw’abantu. Gikora ku buryo mudasobwa cyangwa porogaramu zishobora gusobanura, kuvuga, no gusubiza ibibazo mu rurimi rwa muntu.
Ibikoresho nko Siri, Alexa, cyangwa Google Assistant byubakiye kuri NLP.
4. Computer Vision (Kumenya amashusho):
Iyi tekiniki ifasha mudasobwa kumenya, gusesengura, no gusobanura amafoto n’amashusho. Irakora ku buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga ryifashisha algorithms zifasha kumenya ibiri mu ishusho runaka, nko gusuzuma ubwoko bw’ibintu, kumenya abantu mu mashusho, cyangwa gusoma inyandiko ziri mu mafoto.
5. Robotics:
AI ikoreshwa no muri robots, aho izo mashini zigira ubushobozi bwo gukora imirimo y’ingufu, gusimbura abantu mu bikorwa bitandukanye nko mu nganda, mu bikorwa by’ubuvuzi, ndetse no mu ngendo.
Robots zifashisha ubwenge bwa AI zishobora kwifata mu buryo bujyanye n’imiterere y’ibibazo zishobora guhura nabyo.
- Uko AI ikora
AI ifite bushobozi bwo gusesengura amakuru menshi, yifashishije algorithms zitandukanye zicukumbura ibyo bintu binyuranye.
Ibi byose bikorwa hashingiwe ku ngero z’amakuru zabanje gukoreshwa, maze imashini ikiyigisha, igatangira gukora imyanzuro ifatika ndetse ikamenya no guhindura imyitwarire bitewe n’uko ibibazo bihinduka.
- Mu buryo bunoze, AI igira inzego zitandukanye zifasha mu gusobanura ibintu bitandukanye
AI yoroheje (Narrow AI): Iyi ni AI yibanda ku gikorwa runaka cyihariye, nk’ubushobozi bwo kumenya amashusho cyangwa gukora ubusemuzi bw’ururimi. Urugero ni nka chatbots cyangwa robots zo mu ruganda.
AI rusange (General AI): Iyi ni AI ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibikorwa byinshi bitandukanye nk’uko abantu babikora.
Ubu bushobozi buracyari mu nzira zo gukorwa neza, ariko intego ni uko imashini zafata imyanzuro n’ubushobozi ku buryo bwagutse, kimwe n’ubwenge bw’umuntu.
Super AI: Iyi n’ingingo itaragerwaho ariko abantu benshi bayifata nk’icyerekezo cy’ahazaza h’ikoranabuhanga, aho AI yaba ifite ubushobozi burenze ubw’abantu mu gukora ibintu byinshi, igafata imyanzuro yihuse kandi ishingiye ku bumenyi n’ubwenge buke bw’umuntu.
- Imikoreshereze ya AI mu buzima bwa buri munsi
1. Mu buvuzi: AI ikoreshwa mu gusuzuma indwara zisaba ibisubizo byihuse, nko kureba niba umuntu afite kanseri hakoreshejwe amashusho ya scanner. AI kandi ifasha mu gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku miti, hakoreshejwe imashini zishobora gusesengura ingaruka z’imiti runaka ku muntu.
2. Mu nganda n’ubucuruzi: AI ikoreshwa mu gukora imyanzuro y’ubucuruzi ishingiye ku makuru menshi agaragara ku isoko, igafasha ibigo gukoresha uburyo bushya bwo kugurisha no kwita ku bakiriya.
Byongeye, robots zikoresha AI zifasha mu nganda gukora ibikorwa bisaba ingufu kandi bigakorwa mu buryo bwihuse.
3. Mu bwikorezi: AI ikoreshwa mu gukora imodoka zitwara abantu zidafite umushoferi, aho imodoka ishobora gutahura ibiri mu muhanda no gufata imyanzuro ku muvuduko cyangwa inzira isaba kurindwa impanuka.
4. Mu myidagaduro: AI ikoreshwa mu mbuga nka Netflix na YouTube aho ifasha kugena ibicuruzwa cyangwa amashusho ashingiye ku byo umukozi akunda kureba cyangwa gukurikirana.
5. Mu burezi: AI ifasha mu burezi aho isuzuma uko abanyeshuri biga, ikabafasha ku buryo bwihariye nk’uko buri wese abyumva, ikigisha ku buryo bujyanye n’umuvuduko w’umunyeshuri ku giti cye.
Ikindi wamenya kuri AI, ni uko ari rimwe mu ikoranabuhanga rifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura buri murimo wa muntu, rigafasha mu guhanga udushya mu bikorwa bitandukanye, rihereye ku buvuzi, ubuhinzi, inganda, uburezi, n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi.
Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya AI rizakomeza gufasha abantu kubona ibisubizo byihuse mu bibazo bikomeye, no gutuma isi ikora neza mu buryo bwihuse.
- Amwe mu makampani 10 akoresha AI cyane kurusha ayandi ku Isi
1. Google (Alphabet Inc.): Google ikoresha AI mu bikoresho byinshi, harimo Google Search, Google Assistant, Waymo (ibinyabiziga byikoresha), hamwe na DeepMind (mu buvuzi no mu bindi by’ubushakashatsi).
2. Microsoft: Microsoft ikoresha AI mu bintu byinshi, harimo Azure AI (serivisi zo mu ikoranabuhanga rishingiye ku bicu), Office 365 (nko mu zifasha mu kwandika neza), ndetse no mu bufatanye na OpenAI.
3. Amazon: Amazon Web Services (AWS) ni imwe mu bigo bitanga serivisi za AI ku isi yose. Byongeye, Alexa yifashisha AI mu gufasha abakoresha kandi inakoreshwa mu gutanga izindi serivisi zishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga.
4. Meta (Facebook): Meta yashyize AI mu bikorwa byo kugenzura imbuga nkoranyambaga, guteza imbere ibikorwa bya VR/AR, no gutegura iterambere rya metaverse.
5. Tesla: Tesla ikoresha AI mu buryo bukomeye mu modoka zayo zikoreshwa nta muntu ubari inyuma, cyane cyane binyuze muri Autopilot yayo ifashisha machine learning.
6. Apple: Apple ikoresha AI mu bikoresho byayo nka Siri, Face ID, hamwe no mu kubungabunga amafoto na videwo ku buryo buhoraho mu matelefoni yayo no muri iOS.
7. NVIDIA: NVIDIA ni uruganda rukora GPU zikenerwa mu mishinga ya AI. By’umwihariko, ikoreshwa cyane mu kwigisha no gushyira mu bikorwa imikorere ya AI (deep learning).
8. IBM: IBM Watson ni rumwe mu rubuga rukomeye rw’ikoranabuhanga rya AI, rukoreshwa cyane mu buvuzi, serivisi z’abakiriya, ndetse no mu bucuruzi bwihariye.
9. Alibaba: Alibaba Cloud ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bwo kuri internet (e-commerce), ikoresha AI mu gukora recommendations, no mu gucunga neza ibikorwa byo kohereza no kwakira ibicuruzwa.
10. OpenAI: OpenAI ni ikigo gitanga ibisubizo bya AI bifite ubushobozi bukomeye nka ChatGPT, bigakoreshwa mu ngeri zitandukanye harimo gukora ibintu byikora, gukora ibikorwa bisaba ubwenge, ndetse n’ibindi bikorwa by’ikoranabuhanga.
Aba ni bamwe mu bakoresha cyane AI kandi bafite uruhare mu guhindura ibikorerwa mu byiciro bitandukanye by’ubuzima n’ubukungu ku isi.