Kuva mu binyejana byinshi bishize guhangana hagati y’imiryango ikomeye, abakuru b’amadini n’abategetsi mu Buyapani bihishe indi shusho iteye ubwoba y’umuryango mugari muri icyo gihugu.
Aba-yakuza, itsinda ry’abagizi ba nabi rikuze kurusha ayandi yose ku isi, rifite imyifatire y’icyubahiro, imigenzo, ibirango bituma iba umwihariko ugereranyije n’andi matsinda y’abagizi ba nabi nk’ayo muri Amerika y’epfo acuruza ibiyobyange cyangwa mafias zo mu Butaliyani no mu Burusiya.
Yakuza, igizwe n’icyo na sendika cyangwa se “imiryango” 25, irimo itatu y’ingenzi, yubakiyeho amagana y’amatsinda mato mato akurikiza cyane uruhererekane mu cyubahiro.
Iri tsinda ryavukiye mu Buyapani mu binyejana birenga bine bishize rivuye ku bahinza (abantu bakomeye) n’aba-samouraïs – abarwanyi b’intoranywa barindaga ubwami – rigira ibihe byiza mu myaka ya 1960 kugeza mu 1980, aho ryari rifite abaririmo babarirwa ku 180,000.
Ryaje kudakomeza gukura kubera kudahindura amategeko n’imikorere yaryo ugereranyije n’ibihe bishya, ariko cyane cyane no guhigwa n’abashinzwe umutekano no gukurikiranwa mu nkiko, ryaje kugera aho risigarana abarigize 10,000, utabariyemo abakorana naryo bataririmo.
Izi ni ingingo enye zagufasha kumenya iri tsinda ryigeze kuvugwa cyane ku isi ariko ubu rigowe no gukomeza kubaho mu kinyejana cya 21.
- Izina n’inkomoko
Ijambo yakuza riva ku mibare 8, 9, 3 (isomwa mu kiyapani ya, ku, sa) igize imibare mibi mu mukino w’amakarita mu muco wa cyera w’Abayapani bita oicho-kabu, iyo mibare igasobanura ibyago cyangwa amahirwe macye.
Aba-yakuza batangiye kuboneka mu kinyejana cya 17 mu matsinda yahejejwe inyuma mu butegetsi bwa cyami mu Buyapani, nk’aba-bakuto (abakinnyi bo ku nzira), aba-tekiya (abikorezi) hamwe n’aba-samourai birukanwe bari mu bushomeri.
Benshi muri abo ba-samourai batagifite uwo bakorera bakoraga amatsinda (gangs) zagiye zikura zigakora ama-sendika y’abagizi ba nabi.
Aba-bakuto na tekiya nabo bafashe imigenzo myinshi y’aba-samourai, nk’amabwiriza akomeye y’icyubahiro n’imigenzo yo kurahirira ubudahemuka, yari ashingiyeho itsinda ry’aba-yakuza.
Aba-samourai kandi batumye iri tsinda rigendera ku mabwiriza akaze cyane yo kubahana no kubaha umukuru, ubudahemuka budashidikanywaho ku mukuru cyangwa oyabun. Bitaba ibyo bikaba urupfu.
- Ibibaranga n’imigenzo yabo
Aba-yakuza umwihariko wabo kandi ni ‘system’ yubakiye ku ndangagaciro n’imikorere ifite imizi ku mateka y’Ubuyapani bwa cyera mu gihe cy’abami.
Izo ndangagaciro zifite imizi y’ibinyejana byinshi mu muryango w’Abayapani, by’umwihariko mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’umurwa mukuru Tokyo.
Noboru Hirosue wanditse ibitabo byinshi ku ba yakuza ufatwa nk’umwe mu nzobere zikomeye ku isi kuri iyi ngingo, yabwiye BBC ati: “Aba-yakuza bafite imigirire y’icyubahiro iha ikuzo umugabo nk’uko byahoze hariya.
“Ishingiro ryabo ryubakiye ku gitekerezo cyo ‘kubaho no gupfa nk’abagabo’”.
Abagize iryo tsinda “babona ko bagomba kwibanda, ku kubaka umubiri wabo kurusha ubwenge, no ku itsinda ryabo, kandi babona ko ari iby’icyubahiro gushimangira ubudahemuka bwuzuye kuri oyabun wabo, kugeza ku gutanga ubuzima bwabo aho biri ngombwa”, nk’uko Hirosue abivuga.
Ishingiro ry’ingengabitekerezo ya yakuza ni icyubahiro gishingiye kuri giri (ibyo utegetswe) na ninjo (ubumuntu).
Giri isobanuye ideni ry’icyubahiro uri mu itsinda afitiye umukuriye, ikintu cy’ingenzi mu guha agaciro ubudahemuka muri yakuza, naho ninjo ni ubumuntu ku bandi bubahiriza giri.
Ibyo byombi bifatiye ku mwuka wo kuganduka, utuma abagize yakuza bashyira imbere inyungu z’itsinda kurusha inyungu zabo bwite.
Urugero ni umugenzo wa yubitsume, aho umu-yakuza yitema agace k’urutoki – akenshi agahera – mu kugaragaza kugandukira oyabun we ku ikosa rito rye cyangwa rya mugenzi we bahuje oyabun.
“Nubwo gutakaza urutoki kubera ikosa bishobora kuba impamvu y’igisebo, gutanga urutoki nko kwishyura ikosa wakoze mu ba yakuza ni ikintu giteye ishema”, nk’uko Hirosue abivuga.
Uwo mugenzo urebye ntabwo ugikorwa cyane, ubu, abagize iri tsinda akenshi bishyura amakosa bakoze mu mande y’amafaranga.
Nubwo yubitsume ari umugenzo ukomeye, ariko umugenzo w’ingenzi kurusha indi w’abayakuza ni sakazuki, ibirori byo kwinjizwa aho umuntu mushya ujemo asangira ikitwa saké n’umutegeka.
Icyo gikorwa gisobanuye kwemera kobun, umuntu mushya “mu muryango” ugiye gufatwa “nk’umuhungu” wa oyabun aho arahirira ubudahemuka budashidikanywaho.
Hirosue ati: “Amatsinda ya Yakuza yubatse mu buryo bumeze nk’imiryango aho abakuru bitwa aniki, naho abavandimwe b’umukuru bakitwa oniisan naho umugore w’umukuru akitwa anesan.”
Nubwo aba-yakuza nta murongo uzwi wa politike bagira, bagaragara nk’abaha ishingiro ibitekerezo bya politike iha ikuzo Ubuyapani no gukomera ku bya cyera, nk’uko bivugwa na Martina Baradel inzobere ku bugizi bwa nabi mu Buyapani yo muri kaminuza ya Oxford.
Baradel yongeraho ko abayakuza rimwe na rimwe bakorana n’amashyaka ya politike akomera ku mahame ya cyera, nubwo bwose ayo mashyaka kenshi ahakana gukorana n’iri tsinda ry’abagizi ba nabi kugira ngo adahindanya isura yayo muri rubanda.
- Ibikorwa byabo n’uko ifatwa
Bitandukanye n’andi matsinda y’abagizi ba nabi mu bindi bice by’isi, abayakuza ntibigeze baba itsinda ritemewe n’amategeko, nubwo bagiye bahangana kenshi n’amategeko abuza ibikorwa byabo.
“Mafia y’Abataliyani ikorera cyane mu bwihisho, naho abayakuza bakorera ku mugaragaro”, nk’uko Hirosue abivuga.
Amasendika y’iri tsinda ry’abagizi ba nabi agendera ku mategeko y’ubwisanzure mu kwishyira hamwe ateganywa n’ingingo ya 21 y’itegekonshinga ry’Ubuyapani.
Hirosue ati: “Mu gihe batabangamiye umutekano w’igihugu, ibijyanye n’imyifatire n’ituze rusange ntabwo bireba guverinoma.”
Ubundi kugeza mu kinyejana cya 20, ibice by’ingenzi byakoreragamo abayakuza byabaga bigaragaza ibirango byabo aho bakorera ndetse abagize iri tsinda batangaga amakarita y’ibibaranga mu nama zitandukanye nk’aho ari abakozi b’ikigo runaka cyemewe.
Gusa ubu si ko bimeze: mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo itatu ishize, leta y’Ubuyapani yakajije amategeko agamije guca intege uko amatsinda y’abagizi ba nabi abona imari, kuyashyira ukwa yonyine, gukurikirana ibikorwa byayo no kugabanya imbaraga zayo muri rubanda.
Nubwo bwose bicyemewe n’amategeko kuba waba muri yakuza, abayigize uyu munsi bakurikiranwa na leta mu buryo buhishe.
Martina Baradel ati: “Iyo hari umuntu ukoze icyaha agakurikiranwa, iyo ari umuyakuza igikorwa cye gifatwa nk’urugero agahabwa igihano kiremereye kurushaho kurusha umuntu usanzwe wakoze icyo cyaha.”
- Ese abayakuza bakora iki?
Kuva cyera, amasendika yabo yavanaga amafaranga mu “kwishyura kurindwa”, gutanga inguzanyo mu buryo butemewe, gushimuta abantu ugasaba ingurane, kugurisha indaya, gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge n’ibindi.
Hirosue asobanura ko kandi, bifashishije kompanyi zabo ariko by’ibanga, bajya no mu bikorwa byemewe nko gucuruza ibintu bikoze mu mbaho, kubaka, gutanga abakozi no kugurisha no kugura imari n’imigabane ku masoko.
Gusa amategeko yashyizweho na leta mu 1992 no mu 2010 arwanya ibikorwa by’urugomo n’ubugizi bwa nabi yacogoje ibikorwa byabo ashyiraho ibihano biremereye bituma abayakuza batangira guhindura imikorere.
Hirosue ati: “Buhoro buhoro batangiye gukorera mu bwihisho ibikorwa nk’ubujura n’uburiganya. Mu yandi magambo, wavuga ko uburyo abayakuza babona imari bwavuye ku gutera ubwoba bugahinduka ubushukanyi.”
Amategeko arwanya abayakuza yabashije kubanesha, ariko kandi anatuma abahoze muri iryo tsinda bakiyemeza kurivamo bibagora cyane kwisanga mu muryango rusange.
Nk’ingingo “y’imyaka itanu” ibuza ibigo by’imari kwishyura abayakuza, ituma abaheruka kuva muri iryo tsinda badashobora gufungura konti muri banki, gukodesha inzu cyangwa guhabwa umurongo wa telephone.
Hirosue ati: “Nk’ingaruka, bahinduka abantu bari mu kato kandi b’ibicibwa muri sosiyete”. Ibituma ubuzima bwabo mu Buyapani bugorana cyane.
- Tatouages zabo, ibirango n’intwaro
Ubugeni bwo kwishushanyaho buzwi nka tattoo, mu bayakuza buzwi ku izina rya irezumi, ni ikirango kizwi cyane kuri bo.
Hirosue ati: “Mu muco w’Abayapani, tatouages zari ikintu gihuzwa n’imirimo ikakaye nko gucukura mu birombe, n’uburobyi. Impamvu yari uko mu gihe habaye impanuka isura ntibashe kumenyekana, tatouages zafashaga kumenya abo bantu”
Ariko uko imyaka yagiye itambuka, tatouages zagiye zihinduka ibirango by’ubugizi bwa nabi buteguwe.
Amashusho y’inyamaswa za dragons, indabo zitangaje, abarwanyi ba samourai n’ibindi birango by’umuco w’Abayapani byabaga bisobanuye imyitwarire y’uwabyishushanyijeho, hamwe n’umwanya we mu itsinda.
“Mu ntangiriro, zasobanuraga indahiro yo kutazasubira kuba rubanda isanzwe no kuba umuyakuza iteka ryose nyuma yo kubinjiramo”, nk’uko Hirosue abivuga.
N’ubwo zagiye zigabanuka, tatouages uyu munsi ziracyabonwa nabi mu Buyapani, aho zihuzwa n’ubugizi bwa nabi, kandi umuntu uzifite akabuzwa kugera ahateranira abantu benshi, muri za sauna, kuri za ‘piscine’, n’umucanga w’inyanja azigaragaza.
Hejuru y’izo tatouages, abayakuza bakoresha n’ibimenyetso, amabendera n’ibindi bintu bigaragara mu kwerekana abo ari bo n’igice baherereyemo mu bayakuza.
Ikindi kintu gitandukanya iyi mafia y’Abayapani n’izindi z’ahandi ku isi ni uko yo ikoresha gacyeya imbunda kandi kenshi idakoresha urugomo ugereranyije, urugero, n’amatsinda y’abagizi ba nabi yo muri Amerika y’epfo.
Hirosue ati: “Bakoresha gacye cyane imbunda kubera ibihano bikomeye cyane bigendana nabyo, kandi iyo bakoresheje intwaro akenshi ziba ari iza gakondo.”
Akenshi ni ibyuma byo mu mufuka, cyangwa inkota z’abasamourai.
Avuga ko iyo abayakuza biyemeje gukoresha imbaraga, byanze bikunze bigendana n’urupfu.
Ati: “Igituma abayakuza batinywa, ni uko baba biteguye gupfa iyo hajemo ibibazo bigendanya n’inyungu zabo, ibirangirira ku rupfu rwabo cyangwa abo bahanganye.” (BBC)
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