Gushyiraho igihembo cy’amafaranga ku wafata cyangwa uwatanga amakuru yageza ku ifatwa ry’umuntu ushakishwa n’ubutabera si bishya ku isi.
Osama Bin Laden, cyangwa se Felicien Kabuga ni bamwe mu bibukwa bashyiriweho akayabo ku watanga amakuru nkayo kuri bo, ariko umusaruro w’ibi bihembo ntuvugwaho rumwe.
- Amateka y’ibihembo ku gufatisha ushakishwa?
Inzobere zivuga ko amateka y’ibihembo ku wafata cyangwa uwatanga amakuru yafatisha umuntu ushakishwa n’ubutabera ahera nibura mu kinyejana cya mbere cy’Ubwami bw’Abaromani.
Mu nyandiko yitwa “Money, Motivation, and Terrorism, Rewards-for Information Programs” ya Christopher M. Ford (2017), avuga ko kuva cyera abategetsi bagiye bashyiraho ibihembo by’amafaranga ku makuru cyangwa gufata umuntu ushakishwa.
Ford avuga ko, mu Bwami bw’Ubwongereza, hari inyandiko zo mu 1295 zizwi nka “Letters of Marque” zasabaga abantu gufata amato y’umwanzi bakabihemberwa.
Mu kinyejana cya 16 ibihugu ni bwo byatangiye gutangaza kumugaragaro iyi ngingo y’ibihembo ku wafata cyangwa uwatanga amakuru y’umuntu/abantu bashakishwa, nk’uko Ford abivuga. Akenshi icyo gihe babaga ari ba rushimusi b’amato (pirates).
Uko imyaka yagiye iza ibihugu byatangiye gushyiraho porogaramu zo guhemba abantu batanze amakuru yafatisha abashakishwa n’ubutabera bihishe cyangwa baburiwe irengero.
Mu 1984 Amerika yemeje “Itegeko ryo Kurwanya Iterabwoba Mpuzamahanga” ryemeje urwego rwo guhemba abantu batanga amakuru yo gufata abahigwa ku byaha ahanini by’iterabwoba.
- Iyi ngingo ubu ikoreshwa ite?
Umunyamategeko Faustin Bismarck Murangwa ukorera mu Rwanda, mu kiganiro n’Ikinyamakuru cy’Abongereza BBC, yatangaje ko gushyiraho ibihembo bigenewe umuntu uwo ari we wese watanga amakuru y’umuntu ushakishwa “ubusanzwe ni intwaro y’ubutabera mpuzamahanga”.
Yagize ati:”Bikorwa n’ubutabera mpuzamahanga, akenshi kuko baba bazi ko abantu bashakisha igihugu cyabo [barimo] kidashobora kubatanga, cyangwa se ibihugu bahungiyemo bidashaka gufatanya n’ubutabera mpuzamahanga ngo abo bantu bafatwe.”
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika – biciye muri ruriya rwego zashyizeho, zikunze gutangaza ibihembo ku bantu bafasha mu gufata abakurikiranwe n’inkiko zabo cyangwa inkiko mpuzamahanga Amerika yemera.
Murangwa avuga ko Amerika ibikora “kuko baba bumva uburyo bwa ‘diplomatie judiciaire’ butarimo gutanga umusaruro, bakumva ko bashobora gushyiramo amafaranga ibintu bigakorwa”.
- Hari amategeko abiteganya?
Ibihugu byinshi ku isi byagiye bitangaza ibihembo nk’ibi ku bantu bishakisha, akenshi baba baracitse ubucamanza bakihisha – nyuma cyangwa se mbere yo gucibwa imanza.
Murangwa F. Bismark ati:”Ubundi ntabwo mu mategeko hariho ingingo ivuga ngo muzatange amafaranga umuntu afatwe.
“Igiteganyijwe mu mategeko y’ibihugu byinshi, cyangwa mu butabera bw’igihugu, ni uko umuntu aburanishwa kuko ubutabera bwamufashe, yaba adashobora kugezwa imbere y’ubutabera akaba yaburanishwa adahari. Akazasigara ashakishwa kugira ngo akore igihano.”
Ahereye kuri ibyo, no kuba ibi bihembo akenshi bitangazwa n’abategetsi ba leta, Murangwa avuga ko “usanga akenshi biriya ari ibyemezo bya politike kurusha uko biba ari ibyemezo by’ubucamanza”.
- Bin Laden, Kabuga, Mpiranya, Kaburimbo…ese bitanga umusaruro?
Ministeri y’ubutabera ya Amerika ivuga ko ishami rishinzwe ibihembo ku bantu bashakishwa kubera ibyaha ritanga igihembo kigera kuri miliyoni 5$ ku watanga amakuru “y’abanyamahanga bashakishwa baregwa ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu, Jenoside, n’ibyaha by’intambara”.
Leta ya Amerika ivuga ko ririya shami rimaze kwishyura arenga miliyoni 8$ ku bantu batanze amakuru ku bashakishwaga n’inkiko mpuzamahanga zashyiriweho u Rwanda n’icyahoze ari Yugoslavia, kandi “abishyuwe bose bakomeza kugirwa ibanga”.
Amerika kandi yigeze gutangaza ibihembo ku bantu batandukanye barimo:
- Saddam Hussein
- Osama Bin Laden
- Ayman al-Zawahiri
- Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
- Abakoze ibitero kuri Ambasade zayo muri Kenya na Tanzania (1998)
Abanyarwanda nka:
- Felicien Kabuga
- Protais Mpiranya
- Fulgence Kayishema
- Augustin Bizimungu
N’abandi bashakishwaga n’Urukiko rwashyiriweho u Rwanda ngo ruburanishe ibyaha bya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, n’abashakishwaga n’urukiko rwashyiriweho ibyaha byakozwe mu cyahoze ari Yugoslavia.
Magingo aya, Amerika iracyashyizeho igihembo cya miliyoni 5$ ku watanga amakuru yageza ku ifatwa ry’Abanyecongo:
- Evariste Ilunga Lumu (a.k.a Beau-Gars)
- Mérovée Mutombo
- Gérard Kabongo
- Jean Badibanga (a.k.a Kutenelu)
Bakekwaho ko mu 2017 bagize uruhare mu kwica abakozi babiri b’inzobere za ONU bakoraga akazi kabo mu Burasirazuba bwa DR Congo.
Muri rusange, umusasuro w’ibihembo bishyirwaho ngo hafatwe abantu bashakishwa ntuvugwaho rumwe cyane cyane kuko abatanga amakuru bashobora kugirwa ibanga.
Ibyo bituma bigorana kumenya niba abafashwe – nka Felicien Kabuga, cyangwa abishwe – nka Osama Bin Laden – mu gihe bashakishwaga, hari abatanze amakuru kuri bo kandi bakabihemberwa.
Kabuga cyangwa Bin Laden nta wahamijwe cyangwa ngo abe umwere ku byaha bashinjwaga.
Leta ya Amerika yo ivuga ko porogaramu yayo y’ibihembo bishyirwaho ku bashakishwa n’ubucamanza mpuzamahanga igira akamaro, yemeza ko abatanze amakuru bafashije mu manza zirenga 20 muri ziriya nkiko zashyiriweho u Rwanda n’icyahoze ari Yugoslavia.
Murangwa F. Bismark yabwiye BBC ati:”Ku bw’ubutabera mpuzamahanga byagiye bikora, nk’Abanyarwanda bakurikiranwe na ICTR, kenshi byarakoze nubwo ntavuga ko ari amafaranga yashyizweho yatumye bikorwa cyane, ahubwo wasangaga n’ubundi hari n’igitutu cyo kugira ngo abo bantu bafatwe, maze bagafatwa”.